Topoisomerase

Topoisomerases are essential enzymes that manage DNA topology during processes such as replication, transcription, and chromosome segregation. They function by either creating transient breaks in the DNA strands to relieve supercoiling tension (Type I topoisomerases) or by passing one segment of DNA through another (Type II topoisomerases). This ability to modify DNA structure is vital for maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome. Dysregulation or mutation of topoisomerases can lead to genome instability, which is implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Consequently, topoisomerases are critical targets for antibacterial and anticancer drugs, with inhibitors designed to disrupt their DNA-modifying activities, thereby preventing cell proliferation and inducing cell death.