| Reference | [1]. Environ Pollut. 2019 Dec;255(Pt 2):113303. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113303. Epub 2019 Sep 25.<br />
Development of an ammonium chloride-enhanced thermal-assisted-ESI LC-HRMS method for the characterization of chlorinated paraffins.<br />
Zheng L(1), Lian L(1), Nie J(1), Song Y(2), Yan S(3), Yin D(4), Song W(5).<br />
Author information: (1)Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China. (2)Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai, 200080, PR China. (3)Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200080, PR China. (4)Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200080, PR China. (5)Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200080, PR China. Electronic address: [email protected].<br />
Simultaneous quantification of short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in environmental matrices is challenging and has received much attention from environmental chemists. In this study, ammonium-chloride-enhanced liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed for the first time to quantify CPs in sediments and aqueous samples. Three ionization sources, including atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and thermal-assisted-ESI, were employed to examine the performance of ammonium chloride as the chloride ion supply reagent in comparison with traditional chloride ion supply reagent, dichloromethane. Ammonium chloride can be easily used with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC), whereas dichloromethane is not compatible with aqueous LC mobile phase. Furthermore, other anion-supply reagents, such as ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, and ammonium bromide, were also tested. It was concluded that the adducts of the CPs with the anions were reversible and could partially dissociate into deprotonated CP ions. The yield of deprotonated CP ions was associated with the gas-phase basicity of the deprotonated CP ions and the corresponding anions. Furthermore, collision-induced dissociation curves were drawn to quantify the stability of anionic CP adducts. The ammonium-chloride-enhanced LC-HRMS was further employed for identifying CPs in sediment samples and coupled with an online SPE method for detecting CPs in aqueous samples. This study may significantly contribute to the qualification and quantification of CPs in environmental matrices.<br />
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113303 PMID: 31585406<br />
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[2]. Mol Divers. 2019 Aug;23(3):585-592. doi: 10.1007/s11030-018-9893-5. Epub 2018 Nov 21.<br />
Ammonium chloride-catalyzed green multicomponent synthesis of dihydropyrazine and tetrahydrodiazepine derivatives "on water".<br />
Shaabani A(1), Sepahvand H(2), Ghasemi S(2).<br />
Author information: (1)Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran. [email protected]. (2)Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.<br />
This research describes a simple and efficient one-pot synthetic approach for the preparation of tetrahydrodiazepine and dihydropyrazine (or dihydroquinoxaline) derivatives in high yields in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of ammonium chloride as a green accelerator on water at 50 °C within 1-3 h.<br />
DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9893-5 PMID: 30465252<br />
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[3]. Br Med J. 1961 Aug 12;2(5249):441.<br />
Ammonium chloride acidosis.<br />
[No authors listed]<br />
PMID: 14447351<br />
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[4]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2003 Mar 15;128(6):195.<br />
[Ammonium chloride].<br />
[Article in Dutch]<br />
Strikwerda R.<br />
PMID: 12674800<br />
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[5]. Am J Physiol. 1979 May;236(5):C238-43. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1979.236.5.C238.<br />
Effect of ammonium chloride on osmotic behavior of red cells in nonelectrolytes.<br />
Sass MD.<br />
Ammonium chloride, demonstrated to be a permeating electrolyte for human red cells in water or sodium chloride solutions, has been shown to act as if it contributes osmotic support in the presence of sucrose. The additional protection provided by ammonium chloride against hemolysis in hypotonic sucrose was found to approximate the milliosmolar concentration of the added salt. In view of previous suggestions that potassium loss was responsible for the increased protection observed with hypotonic nonelectrolyte alone, it was considered reasonable that the further protection afforded by ammonium chloride might reflect a comparable mechanism. Such a relationship was not observed. When added to isosmotic sucrose, ammonium chloride was found to be as effective as sodium chloride in preventing rather than augmenting potassium loss, in accord with the observations of others. Under hypotonic conditions, however, the addition of ammonium chloride had no effect on potassium loss beyond that observed in hypotonic sucrose alone. Equivalent additions of sodium chloride eliminated the potassium loss entirely. It was concluded that sucrose, and possibly other nonelectrolytes, acted to modify the red cell's permeability to ammonium chloride. It is this conversion of ammonium chloride to an impermeant molecule that is considered to be responsible for the observed osmotic support as well as for the markedly disparate findings in sodium chloride solutions.<br />
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1979.236.5.C238 PMID: 443365
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