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<br>[1]. Tatake RJ et al. Identification of pharmacological inhibitors of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Dec 5;377(1):120-5.
Abstract
We have identified two novel MEK5 inhibitors, BIX02188 and BIX02189, which inhibited catalytic function of purified, MEK5 enzyme. The MEK5 inhibitors blocked phosphorylation of ERK5, without affecting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in sorbitol-stimulated HeLa cells. The compounds also inhibited transcriptional activation of MEF2C, a downstream substrate of the MEK5/ERK5 signaling cascade, in a cellular trans-reporter assay system. These inhibitors offer novel pharmacological tools to better characterize the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway in various biological systems./
<br>[2]. Kondo M, Inamura H, Matsumura K, Matsuoka M.Cadmium activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 May 11;421(3):490-3. Epub 2012 Apr 10.
Abstract
We examined the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) exposure on the phosphorylation and functionality of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. Following exposure to CdCl(2), ERK5 phosphorylation increased markedly, but the level of total ERK5 was unchanged. ERK5 phosphorylation following CdCl(2) exposure was rapid and transient, similar to the time course of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Treatment of HK-2 cells with the MAPK/ERK kinase 5 inhibitor, BIX02189, suppressed CdCl(2)-induced ERK5 but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The CdCl(2)-induced increase of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1), as well as the accumulation of mobility-shifted c-Fos protein, were suppressed by BIX02189 treatment. Furthermore, BIX02189 treatment enhanced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and increased the level of cytoplasmic nucleosomes in HK-2 cells exposed to CdCl(2). These findings suggest that ERK5 pathway activation by CdCl(2) exposure might induce the phosphorylation of cell survival-transcription factors, such as CREB, ATF-1, and c-Fos, and may exert a partial anti-apoptotic role in HK-2 cells.
<br>[3]. Li P, Ma YC, Sheng XY, Dong HT, Han H, Wang J, Xia YY.Cyclic fluid shear stress promotes osteoblastic cells proliferation through ERK5 signaling pathway.Mol Cell Biochem. 2012 May;364(1-2):321-7.
Abstract
Fluid shear stress plays an important role in bone remodeling, however, the mechanism of mechanotransduction in bone tissue remains unclear. Recently, ERK5 has been found to be involved in multiple cellular processes. This study was designed to investigate the potential involvement of ERK5 in the proliferative response of osteoblastic cells to cyclic fluid shear stress. We reported here that cyclic fluid shear stress promoted ERK5 phosphorylation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Inhibition of ERK5 phosphorylation attenuated the increased expression of AP-1 and cyclin D1 and cell proliferation induced by cyclic fluid flow, but promoted p-16 expression. Further more, we found that cyclic fluid shear stress was a better stimuli for ERK5 activation and cyclin D1 expression compared with continuous fluid shear stress. Moreover, the pharmacological ERK5 inhibitor, BIX02189, which inhibited ERK5 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner and the suppression lasted for at least 4 h. Taken together, we demonstrate that ERK5/AP-1/cyclin D1 pathway is involved in the mechanism of osteoblasts proliferation induced by cyclic fluid shear stress, which is superior in promoting cellular proliferation compared with continuous fluid shear stress.
<br>[4]. Gilley R, Lochhead PA, Balmanno K, Oxley D, Clark J, Cook SJ.CDK1, not ERK1/2 or ERK5, is required for mitotic phosphorylation of BIMEL.Cell Signal. 2012 Jan;24(1):170-80. Epub 2011 Sep 8.
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic BH3 only protein BIM(EL) is phosphorylated by ERK1/2 and this targets it for proteasome-dependent degradation. A recent study has shown that ERK5, an ERK1/2-related MAPK, is activated during mitosis and phosphorylates BIM(EL) to promote cell survival. Here we show that treatment of cells with nocodazole or paclitaxel does cause phosphorylation of BIM(EL), which is independent of ERK1/2. However, this was not due to ERK5-catalysed phosphorylation, since it was not reversed by the MEK5 inhibitor BIX02189 and proceeded normally in ERK5-/- fibroblasts. Indeed, although ERK5 is phosphorylated at multiple sites in the C-terminal transactivation region during mitosis, these do not include the activation-loop and ERK5 kinase activity does not increase. Mitotic phosphorylation of BIM(EL) occurred at proline-directed phospho-acceptor sites and was abolished by selective inhibition of CDK1. Furthermore, cyclin B1 was able to interact with BIM and cyclin B1/CDK1 complexes could phosphorylate BIM in vitro. Finally, we show that CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of BIM(EL) drives its polyubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent degradation to protect cells during mitotic arrest. These results provide new insights into the regulation of BIM(EL) and may be relevant to the therapeutic use of agents such as paclitaxel.
<br>[5]. Obara Y, Nemoto W, Kohno S, Murata T, Kaneda N, Nakahata N.Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression mediated by activation of ERK5 in rat C6 glioma cells.Cell Signal. 2011 Apr;23(4):666-72. Epub 2010 Dec 2.
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) play important physiological roles including proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. ERK5 contains kinase domain that shares homology with ERK1/2 and the T-E-Y activation motif at amino-terminal half, whereas the extended carboxy-terminal half is unique. Because the physiological role of ERK5 in glial cells remains unclear, we examined the involvement of ERK5 in expression of neurotrophic factors and cytokines in rat C6 glioma cells, comparing it with ERK1/2. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced both ERK5 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Among the neurotrophic factors and cytokines, bFGF induced significant gene expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The GDNF gene expression and protein synthesis induced by bFGF were blocked by BIX02189 and PD98059 that selectively inhibit ERK5 and ERK1/2 signaling, respectively. The effect was also blocked by overexpression of a dominant-negative MEK5 mutant, indicating that GDNF expression induced by bFGF requires both ERK5 and ERK1/2. Because GDNF gene expression is regulated by various transcription factors, we examined the activity of these factors. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein at Ser 133 was induced by bFGF, which was blocked by BIX02189 and PD98059. Expression of c-fos, a major component of activator protein-1, and early growth response-1 was enhanced by bFGF, and expression of these genes was blocked by BIX02189, PD98059 and overexpression of dominant-negative MEK5. Taking these results together, bFGF promotes GDNF expression accompanied by the activation of ERK5, ERK1/2 and their downstream transcription factors in C6 glioma cells.
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