| Reference | [1]. Anastopoulos, G., Lois, E., Zannikos, F., Kalligeros, S. and Teas, C., 2001.<br />
Influence of aceto acetic esters and di-carboxylic acid esters on diesel fuel lubricity.<br />
Abstract: This paper presents the impact of acetoacetic esters and di-carboxylic acid esters on the lubrication properties of automotive diesel. Three alkyl acetoacetates and seven di-carboxylic esters were used as lubricating additives on two low sulfur diesel fuels, at seven different concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. Tribological experiments carried out on the high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) showed that only two of the three acetoacetic esters used, provide satisfactory mean wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) of less than 460 μm, at the concentration level of 750 ppm. In the case of di-carboxylic acid esters, the effective concentration was 500 ppm or higher.<br />
Tribology International, 34(11), pp.749-755.<br />
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[2]. Anastopoulos, G., Kalligeros, S., Schinas, P. and Zannikos, F., 2013.<br />
Effect of dicarboxylic acid esters on the lubricity of aviation kerosene for use in CI engines.<br />
Abstract: To reduce their fuel related logistic burden, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Armed Forces are advancing the use of a single fuel for both aircraft and ground equipment. To this end, F-34 (the commercial equivalent is Jet A-1) is replacing distillate diesel fuel in many applications. However, tests conducted with this kerosene type on high frequency reciprocating rig showed that this type of fuel causes unacceptable wear. This excessive wear is caused by the poor lubricity of aviation fuel. In order to make this type of fuel compatible with direct injection compression engines, seven di-carboxylic acid esters have tested to improve the lubricity of kerosene. Tribological results showed that all esters tested in this series of experiments seem to be suitable for increasing the kerosene lubricity to a satisfactory level.<br />
Friction, 1(3), pp.271-278.<br />
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[3]. Anastopoulos, G., Lois, E., Karonis, D., Kalligeros, S. and Zannikos, F., 2005.<br />
Impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels.<br />
Abstract: This paper presents the impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels. It discusses the most recent results, concerning the influence of adding low amounts of 4 specific types of biodiesel, 5 aliphatic amines, 2 tertiarty amides, 10 mono-carboxylic acid esters, 3 acetoacetates and 7 esters of di-carboxylic acids on the tribological behaviour of the steel-on-steel systems, lubricated with low sulfur automotive diesel fuel. Experiments were carried out on the HFRR (high frequency reciprocating rig). The obtained wear results showed that all the various classes of additives improved fuel lubricity.<br />
Energy, 30(2-4), pp.415-426.
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