DiD perchlorate

• CAT Number: I013026
• CAS Number: 127274-91-3
• Molecular Formula: C61H99ClN2O4
• Molecular Weight: 959.90
• Purity: ≥95%
• Synonyms: (2E)-2-[(2E,4E)-5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindol-1-ium-2-yl)penta-2,4-dienylidene]-3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindole;perchlorate
• InChI: InChI=1S/C61H99N2.ClHO4/c1-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23-25-27-29-31-33-35-44-52-62-56-48-42-40-46-54(56)60(3,4)58(62)50-38-37-39-51-59-61(5,6)55-47-41-43-49-57(55)63(59)53-45-36-34-32-30-28-26-24-22-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-2;2-1(3,4)5/h37-43,46-51H,7-36,44-45,52-53H2,1-6H3;(H,2,3,4,5)/q+1;/p-1
• InChIKey: ZQSBJPAQPRVNHU-UHFFFAOYSA-M
• SMILES: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2C(C1=CC=CC=CC3=[N+](C4=CC=CC=C4C3(C)C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(C)C.[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O

DiD is a long-chain carbocyanine dye. Carbocyanine dyes are widely used as Di to label cells, organelles, liposomes, viruses and lipoproteins[2].
General Protocol
1. Preparing Stain Solutions of Di
1) Prepare DMF, DMSO or ethanol stock solutions: The stock solutions should be prepared in dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, or ethanol DMSO at 1-5 mM. DMF is preferable to ethanol as a solvent for Di. The stock solution should be used promptly. Any unused solution need to be aliquoted and refrozen at least -20℃. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycle. The solution can be stored for 6 months.
2) Prepare working solutions: Dilute the stock solutions into a suitable buffer such as serum-free culture medium, HBSS or PBS to make 1 to 5 μM working solutions. We do not recommend storing the aqueous solution for more than one day.
Note: The final concentration of the working solution should be empirically determined for different cell types and/or experimental conditions.
2. Suspension cells
1) Centrifuge at 1000 g at 4℃ for 3-5 minutes and then discard the supernatant. Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time.The cell density is 1×106/mL
2) Add 1 mL of Di working solution, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
3) Centrifuge at 400 g at 4℃ for 3-4 minutes and then discard the supernatant.
4) Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time.
5) Resuspend cells with serum-free cell culture medium or PBS.Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
3. Adherent cells
1) Culture adherent cells on sterile coverslips.
2) Remove the coverslip from the medium and aspirate the excess medium.
3) Add 100 μL of working solution, gently shake it to completely cover the cells,and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
4) Wash twice with medium, 5 minutes each time. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
Two weeks after injection of stained cells, a single, bright, DiD perchlorate (DiD)-positive cells located between 15 to 40 μm from the endosteum is found. Results reveal a progressive appearance of cell clusters of decreased dye intensity, consistent with the partitioning of DiD perchlorate label on cell division[3].

Reference

[1]. Gan WB, et al. Multicolor “DiOlistic” labeling of the nervous system using lipophilic dye combinations. Neuron. 2000 Aug;27(2):219-25.
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[2]. Kenji Yumoto, et al. A novel method for monitoring tumor dormancy using fluorescent dye DiD. Cytometry A. 2014 Jun; 85(6): 548–555.
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[3]. Meng Li, et al. In Vivo Tracking of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model with Fluorescent Lipophilic Membrane Dye. J Vis Exp. 2017; (128): 56273.
 [Content Brief]

[4]. Lo Celso C, et al. Live-animal tracking of individual haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in their niche.
 [Content Brief]