ketone ester

• CAT Number: I000780
• CAS Number: 1208313-97-6
• Molecular Formula: C8H16O4
• Molecular Weight: 176.21
• Purity: ≥95%
• Synonyms: (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate
• Solubility: 10 mM in DMSO
• Storage: Store at -20°C
• IUPAC Name: [(3R)-3-hydroxybutyl] (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoate
• InChI: InChI=1S/C8H16O4/c1-6(9)3-4-12-8(11)5-7(2)10/h6-7,9-10H,3-5H2,1-2H3/t6-,7-/m1/s1
• InChIKey: AOWPVIWVMWUSBD-RNFRBKRXSA-N
• SMILES: CC(CCOC(=O)CC(C)O)O

The ketone ester R,S-1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester (BD-AcAc 2, CAT: I000780) exerts its pharmacologic action by increasing blood ketone levels when administered orally. It acts as a substrate for ketone body metabolism and elevates mean blood ketone bodies to around 3.5 mm. BD-AcAc 2 has been studied for its effects on metabolic parameters, such as lowering plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels. Additionally, it shows promise in delaying central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT) seizures in rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen.

Reference

1: Holdsworth DA, Cox PJ, Kirk T, Stradling H, Impey SG, Clarke K. A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Sep;49(9):1789-1795. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001292. PubMed PMID: 28398950; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5556006.
2: Ciarlone SL, Grieco JC, D/'Agostino DP, Weeber EJ. Ketone ester supplementation attenuates seizure activity, and improves behavior and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in an Angelman syndrome mouse model. Neurobiol Dis. 2016 Dec;96:38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.002. Epub 2016 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 27546058.
3: Veech RL. Ketone ester effects on metabolism and transcription. J Lipid Res. 2014 Oct;55(10):2004-6. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R046292. Epub 2014 Apr 8. Review. PubMed PMID: 24714648; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4173993.
4: Srivastava S, Kashiwaya Y, King MT, Baxa U, Tam J, Niu G, Chen X, Clarke K, Veech RL. Mitochondrial biogenesis and increased uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue of mice fed a ketone ester diet. FASEB J. 2012 Jun;26(6):2351-62. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-200410. Epub 2012 Feb 23. PubMed PMID: 22362892; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3360149.
5: Kashiwaya Y, Pawlosky R, Markis W, King MT, Bergman C, Srivastava S, Murray A, Clarke K, Veech RL. A ketone ester diet increases brain malonyl-CoA and Uncoupling proteins 4 and 5 while decreasing food intake in the normal Wistar Rat. J Biol Chem. 2010 Aug 20;285(34):25950-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.138198. Epub 2010 Jun 7. PubMed PMID: 20529850; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2923987.