For research use only. Not for therapeutic Use.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells[1][2][3]. This product is derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome[4].
Lipopolysaccharides (10–80 μg/mL) selectively decreases THir (tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive) cells and increases culture media levels of interleukin1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as nitrite (an index of nitric oxide (NO) production)[5].
Lipopolysaccharides can be used in animal modeling to construct a mouse liver inflammation model.Lipopolysaccharides (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.; once) induces sickness and hypothermia in mice, and induces a greater and more prolonged sickness response in adult male mice[3].
| Catalog Number | I046101 |
| Purity | ≥95% |
| Reference | [1]. Kabanov DS, et al. Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010 Apr;75(4):383-404. [2]. Heinrichs DE, et al. Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Oct;30(2):221-32. [3]. Cai KC, et al. Age and sex differences in immune response following LPS treatment in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Nov;58:327-337. [4]. Ying Liu, et al. Podocyte-Released Migrasomes in Urine Serve as an Indicator for Early Podocyte Injury. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020 Nov;6(6):422-433. [5]. Gayle DA, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Jan 31;133(1):27-35. |
