Protamine sulfate

• CAT Number: I045655
• CAS Number: 9009-65-8
• Purity: ≥95%

Protamine sulfate, polycationic peptide and a antiheparin agent, could neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin and enhances lipid-mediated gene transfer[1][2][3].
Protamine sulfate has an inhibitory effect on thrombin in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and that this inhibition is concentration dependent, partial, and reversible[3].
Protamine sulfate is a 5-kDa cationic polypeptide derived from salmon sperm that can bind negatively charged unfractionated heparin (UFH). Protamine sulfate down-regulates thrombin generation by inhibiting factor V activation[4].
Protamine sulfate can be used in animal modeling to construct animal cystitis models.
Induction of cystitis model[5]
Background

The presence and activity of protamine sulfate may trigger the activation and inflammatory response of the host immune system. These immune responses can lead to the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and interleukins, which can lead to cystitis.
Specific Mmodeling Methods

Rat: Sprague–Dawley • female • Administration: 10 mg/mL irrigation in the urinary bladder • once

Note

(1) 10 mg/ml protamine sulfate was injected into the rat bladder, and 2 mg/ml LPS was injected 30 minutes later
(2) 5 days later, the experimental animals were put to death under anesthesia, and the bladder was removed for observation.
Modeling Indicators

Physiological indicators: The turbidity, urine volume and the number of red blood cells in the urine of rats were detected.
Molecular changes: The levels of biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in bladder tissues were detected.
Histological analysis: Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the number of mast cells in the bladder of rats.
Correlated Product(s): LPS (HY-D1056)
Opposite Product(s):